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Government of Nepal

Ministry of Communications and Information Technology

Minimum Wages Fixation Committee

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By: S. Tufail, M.A., M.D.

Program Director, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine

Students are expected to participate in case-based discussions covering pediatric pathology skin care equipment suppliers purchase eurax 20gm on line, organ system specific disorders and preventive medicine tretinoin 005 acne order eurax with a visa. Additionally acne 5th grade buy 20gm eurax amex, the emergency presentation acne yellow pus discount eurax 20 gm with mastercard, evaluation and management of shock, environmental injuries, thermal burns, toxicology, altered mental status, near-drowning, anaphylaxis and other emergencies not already covered in the organ system and population based modules will also be 216 covered. Additionally, technical skills are demonstrated including labs on aseptic technique, surgical knot tying and suturing. The critical care portion of this module will provide an overview of some of the common topics and skills used in the management of the seriously ill patient to include: airway, shock, mechanical ventilation, acid base status, arterial lines and central venous catheters. The students will develop interviewing and counseling techniques specific to behavioral health. They will develop an increased understanding of the social, economic, and psychological factors related to the patient and family members of a patient with a mental illness. They will participate in history-taking, physical examination, assessment and formulation of a plan and problem list, ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests, proper medical documentation, and reporting to the healthcare team as appropriate for the clerkship. During this clerkship, students may additionally participate in inpatient rounds, and provide patient presentations to clinical team members. Emphasis is placed on the management of patients who present with surgical issues. The students will participate in the preoperative evaluation of patients, including history taking, physical examination, assessment and formulation of a plan and problem list, ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests, proper medical documentation, and reporting to the healthcare team as appropriate for the clerkship. They will assist in the operating room, learn to write 217 pre and post-operative notes, care for the post-operative patient, and report to the healthcare team as appropriate for the clerkship. Students will participate in the assessment of patient acuity, disease state, and appropriate management within the setting of the emergency department. During this clerkship, students may additionally participate in inpatient rounds, provide patient presentations to clinical team members, and bedside procedures. Emphasis is placed on caring for female patients across their life span, including menarche, family planning, childbearing years, perimenopause, menopause, and post-menopause. Students will learn how to recognize and treat sexually transmitted diseases, ovarian, breast, and uterine cancer, and evaluate and treat common ambulatory gynecologic problems. Students will learn prenatal counseling and care and may have exposure to labor and delivery. They will participate in historytaking, physical examination, assessment and formulation of a plan and problem list, ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests, proper medical documentation, and reporting to the healthcare team as appropriate for the clerkship. Students will gain experience caring for neonates, infants, children, and adolescents, providing parental education and guidance, recognizing the appropriate milestone, preventing illness, 218 injury, and accidents, and providing care unique to the pediatric patient. Students will participate in history-taking, physical examination, assessment and formulation of a plan and problem list, ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests, proper medical documentation, and reporting to the healthcare team as appropriate for the clerkship. Emphasis is placed on caring for the acutely and chronically ill adult patient who requires hospitalization. Students will participate in admission history taking, physical examination, assessment and formulation of a plan and problem list, ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests, proper medical documentation, and reporting to the healthcare team as appropriate for the clerkship. During this clerkship, students may additionally participate in inpatient rounds; provide patient presentations to clinical team members, and perform bedside procedures. Emphasis is placed on disease prevention and health maintenance in adults and children. The students will develop an increased understanding of the social, economic, and environmental factors related to caring for the patient and extended family. During this clerkship, students may additionally participate in inpatient rounds, provide patient presentations to clinical team members, and perform bedside procedures. Emphasis is placed on caring for patients with general medical problems in the outpatient or the inpatient setting. Students will participate in taking medical histories, physical examination, assessment and formulation of a plan and problem list, ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests, proper medical documentation, and reporting to the healthcare team as appropriate for the clerkship. During this clerkship, students may additionally participate in rounds; 219 provide patient presentations to clinical team members, and perform procedures. Students will utilize these electives to better understand how a primary care provider should manage a patient presenting with a disease/condition prior to specialty referral and upon follow up. The first semester provides students with the opportunity to pose a research question that is unsettled in the medical literature. Students read and interpret evidence-based medical literature and provide side-by-side comparisons of published literature that is applicable to their research questions with attention to study design, sample size, results, forms of bias, and applicability of the results.

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In addition acne images order 20 gm eurax amex, cells from the ventrolateral edge migrate into the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm to form most of the musculature for the body wall (external and internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles) and most of the limb muscles acne free cheap eurax 20gm with amex. Cells in the dermomyotome ultimately form dermis for the skin of the back and muscles for the back acne out active generic eurax 20 gm, body wall (intercostal muscles) acne jensen boots generic 20 gm eurax fast delivery, and some limb muscles (see Chapter 11). Each myotome and dermatome retains its innervation from its segment of origin, no matter where the cells migrate. Hence, each somite forms its own sclerotome (the tendon cartilage and bone component), its own myotome (providing the segmental muscle component), and its own dermatome, which forms the dermis of the back. Molecular Regulation of Somite Differentiation Signals for somite differentiation arise from surrounding structures, including the notochord, neural tube, epidermis, and lateral plate mesoderm. Intermediate Mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm, which temporarily connects paraxial mesoderm with the lateral plate. In cervical and upper thoracic regions, it forms segmental cell clusters (future nephrotomes), whereas more caudally, it forms an unsegmented mass of tissue, the nephrogenic cord. Excretory units of the urinary system and the gonads develop from this partly segmented, partly unsegmented intermediate mesoderm (see Chapter 16). Lateral Plate Mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm splits into parietal (somatic) and visceral (splanchnic) layers, which line the intraembryonic cavity and surround the organs, respectively. Mesoderm from the parietal layer, together with overlying ectoderm, forms the lateral body wall folds. These folds, together with the head (cephalic) and tail (caudal) 74 Part 1 General Embryology Dorsomedial muscle cells Dermatome Neural groove Ventrolateral muscle cells Neural tube Intraembryonic cavity A Ventral somite wall B Notochord Sclerotome Dorsal aorta Neural tube Sclerotome Dermatome Dermatome Myotome Sclerotome C D Figure 6. Mesoderm cells that have undergone epithelization are arranged around a small cavity. Cells from the ventral and medial walls of the somite lose their epithelial arrangement and migrate around the neural tube and notochord. Collectively, these cells constitute the sclerotome that will form the vertebrae and ribs. Meanwhile, cells at the dorsomedial and ventrolateral regions differentiate into muscle precursor cells, while cells that remain between these locations form the dermatome. Both groups of muscle precursor cells become mesenchymal and migrate beneath the dermatome to form the dermomyotome B,C while some cells from the ventrolateral group also migrate into the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm. Eventually, dermatome cells also become mesenchymal and migrate beneath the ectoderm to form the dermis of the back D. The parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm then forms the dermis of the skin in the body wall and limbs, the bones and connective tissue of the limbs, and the sternum. In addition, sclerotome and muscle precursor cells that migrate into the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm form the costal cartilages, limb muscles, and most of the body wall muscles (see Chapter 11). The visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm, together with embryonic endoderm, forms the wall of the gut tube. Mesoderm cells of the parietal layer surrounding the intraembryonic cavity form thin membranes, the mesothelial membranes, or serous membranes, which will line the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities and secrete serous fluid. Mesoderm cells of the visceral layer form a thin serous membrane around each organ (see Chapter 7). Blood vessels form in two ways: vasculogenesis, whereby vessels arise from blood islands. The first blood islands appear in mesoderm surrounding the wall of the yolk sac at 3 weeks of development and slightly later in lateral plate mesoderm and other regions. These islands arise from mesoderm cells that are induced to form hemangioblasts, a common precursor for vessel and blood cell formation. Although the first blood cells arise in blood islands in the wall of the yolk sac, this population is transitory. These cells colonize the liver, which becomes the major hematopoietic organ of the embryo and Amniotic cavity Ectoderm Mesonephros Dorsal mesentery Visceral mesoderm layer Parietal mesoderm layer Wall of gut Serous membrane (peritoneum) Body wall Parietal mesoderm layer Intraembryonic cavity Endoderm of yolk sac A B Figure 6. Cross section through a 21-day embryo in the region of the mesonephros showing parietal and visceral mesoderm layers. The intraembryonic cavities communicate with the extraembryonic cavity (chorionic cavity).

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Mesenchyme for these structures is derived from neural crest (blue) skin care japan purchase 20gm eurax otc, lateral plate mesoderm (yellow) acne 5 days before period generic eurax 20gm with mastercard, and paraxial mesoderm (somites and somitomeres) (red) acne mechanica cheap eurax generic. Cranial neuropore Otic placode 1st and 2nd Pharyngeal pharyngeal arches arches Pericardial bulge Cut edge Lens of amnion placode Heart bulge Vitelline Umbilical duct cord Pericardial swelling Connecting stalk Pharyngeal clefts Limb bud A Caudal neuropore B C Figure 17 skin care reviews purchase 20 gm eurax with amex. Pharyngeal pouches 4th aortic arch 6th aortic arch Thyroid primordium Esophagus Dorsal aorta Aortic sac Trachea and lung bud Stomodeum Figure 17. At the end of the fourth week, the center of the face is formed by the stomodeum, surrounded by the first pair of pharyngeal arches. When the embryo is 42 days old, five mesenchymal prominences can be recognized: the mandibular prominences (first pharyngeal arch), caudal to the stomodeum; the maxillary prominences (dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch), lateral to the stomodeum; and the frontonasal prominence, a slightly rounded elevation cranial to the stomodeum. Development of the face is later complemented by formation of the nasal prominences. In addition to mesenchyme derived from paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm, the core of each arch receives substantial numbers of neural crest cells, which migrate into the arches to contribute to skeletal components of the face. The original mesoderm of the arches gives rise to the musculature of the face and neck. The muscular components of each arch have their own cranial nerve, and wherever the muscle cells migrate, they carry their nerve component with them. Frontonasal prominence Frontonasal prominence Nasal placode Maxillary prominence Stomodeum Mandibular arch Maxillary prominence Mandibular arch Pharyngeal arches 2nd and 3rd Cardiac bulge A B Nasal placode Maxillary prominence Mandibular prominence 2nd Arch C Figure 17. The stomodeum, temporarily closed by the oropharyngeal membrane, is surrounded by five mesenchymal prominences. Frontal view of a slightly older embryo showing rupture of the oropharyngeal membrane and formation of the nasal placodes on the frontonasal prominence. Chapter 17 Head and Neck 263 Artery Nerve Cartilage Pharyngeal pouch Ectoderm Endoderm 1st pharyngeal arch Pharyngeal cleft 2nd arch 3rd arch Laryngeal opening Spinal cord Figure 17. Each arch consists of a mesenchymal core derived from mesoderm and neural crest cells and each is lined internally by endoderm and externally by ectoderm. Each arch also contains an artery (one of the aortic arches) and a cranial nerve and each will contribute specific skeletal and muscular components to the head and neck. The trigeminal nerve supplying the first pharyngeal arch has three branches: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The nerve of the second arch is the facial nerve; that of the third is the glossopharyngeal nerve. The musculature of the fourth arch is supplied by the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve, and that of the sixth arch, by the recurrent branch of the vagus nerve. Mesenchyme of the maxillary process gives rise to the premaxilla, maxilla, zygomatic bone, and part of the temporal bone through membranous ossification. In addition, the first arch contributes to formation of the bones of the middle ear (see Chapter 19). Musculature of the first pharyngeal arch includes the muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, and pterygoids), anterior belly of the digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, and tensor palatini. The nerve supply to the muscles of the first arch is provided by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve. Since mesenchyme from the first arch also contributes to the dermis of the face, sensory supply to the skin of the face is provided by ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve. Muscles of the arches do not always attach to the bony or cartilaginous components of their own arch but sometimes migrate into surrounding regions. Nevertheless, the origin of these muscles can always be traced, since their nerve supply is derived from the arch of origin. Muscles of the hyoid arch are the stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of the digastric, auricular, and muscles of facial expression. Third Pharyngeal Arch the cartilage of the third pharyngeal arch produces the lower part of the body and greater horn of the hyoid bone. These muscles are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve, the nerve of the third arch.

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If "yes acne 1st trimester purchase genuine eurax," also indicate if the signs and symptoms of the previous stroke were in the same territory as those of the current event acne 10 dpo discount 20gm eurax. Physician does not need to specifically state that the stroke is in same territory skin care by gabriela buy eurax 20 gm amex. Be aware that acne juvenil buy generic eurax online, if there is vision loss associated with a neurologic event, it will be in the eye that is opposite the side of the body affected by weakness or paralysis. If past history of stroke is reported, but there is no additional info, select "unknown" for timing, date, and stroke type. For "unknown" stroke type, do not select "Yes" for the subsequent question regarding stroke territory. If any symptom or sign elicited by an examiner lasted longer than 24 hours, choose "More than 24 hours. Since hospitals may define death differently, the time of death (brain or otherwise) should be defined as whatever is specified by the physician. If all symptoms or sign elicited by an examiner resolved within 24 hours and the participant died more than 24 hours after the disappearance of the last symptom, then choose "Resolved within 24 hours (specify below). If "Resolved within 24 hours" is chosen, never leave the hours and minutes boxes blank. Lacunar syndrome (or lacunar stroke) is a type of ischemic stroke that is caused by blockage in small blood vessels within the brain. Typical lacunar syndromes, depending on the location of the blockage, include pure motor hemiparesis, pure sensory stroke, sensorimotor stroke, and ataxic hemiparesis. Pure motor hemiparesis is weakness on one side of the body (face, arm, and/or leg), without any other sensory, mental, or speech symptoms. Pure sensory stroke results in numbness and/or tingling on one side of the body (face, arm, and/or leg), without any other motor, mental, or speech symptoms. Ataxic hemiparesis is weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (face, arm, and or leg), with ataxia (impairment of coordination) on the same side. Patient must have documented diagnosis of a lacunar syndrome, not just symptomology. Answer "yes" only if the treating or consulting physician or radiologist states in a report or notes that the patient was diagnosed with "lacunar syndrome. If there is a disagreement between a radiology report and a neurologist interpretation, record the neurologist interpretation. If none are supplied after six weeks, then the abstractor should proceed, using available records. A revised abstraction form may be submitted at a later date if new records are later supplied. Accepted terms for dating: "chronic" = "old"; "acute"="new"; "subacute"="new"; "recent"="new. Infarct (infarction) is an area of dead tissue within the brain caused by decreased or absent bloody supply. If records indicate unknown (uncertainty) for infarct or infarct age but a location is specified for the uncertainty, then mark "Infarct" as "unknown" and also mark relevant infarct location subtype as "unknown" (mark irrelevant ones as "no"). Hemorrhagic infarction (or hemorrhagic conversion) is bleeding caused by ruptured blood vessels that were damaged or destroyed by inadequate or absent blood supply. If the location is described as "lobe," mark location as "cerebral cortical infarct. The brain stem (also called encephalic trunk) connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord and comprises the pons, medulla oblongata, and mesencephalon. Cerebellar infarct is an ischemic stroke that occurs in the cerebellum-the part of the brain that controls balance, coordination, and reflexes of the head and torso. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding between the brain and the skull, seen in Fissure of Sylvius, between the frontal lobes, in basal cistern or within a ventricle, with no associated intraparenchymal hematoma. Cerebral cortical infarct is the formation of an infarct within the cerebral cortex, the convoluted layer of gray matter covering each cerebral hemisphere.

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