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The same goes for a mAb directed against a patentable antigen allergy medicine get you high buy cheap astelin 10 ml on-line, since it is new and a person skilled in the art would not have found any suggestion of obtaining it allergy shots for poison ivy purchase 10ml astelin visa. If on the other hand the antigen (or antiserum) is known allergy forecast columbus oh cheap astelin 10ml free shipping, a person skilled in the art would be capable of preparing mAbs against the antigen allergy symptoms on right side of face cheap astelin 10ml on-line, without difficulty, based on his or her technical knowledge. A particular mAb will be new in this case, because it has not been described in the state of the art, but will lack an inventive step to the extent that an average specialist in the field could obtain it based on knowledge of the antigen. However, even if an antigen is known, a specific mAb could still show an inventive step as long as it presents a superior property when compared to other antibodies directed against the same antigen. The use of this specific mAb might offer surprising advantages in diagnosing and/or treating a disease caused by the antigen. The selection of this specific mAb, starting from a large number of antibodies aimed against the same antigen, but possessing diverse epitopes, justifies the existence of inventive activity. The surprising technical effect required to establish the presence of an inventive step imposes limits on the possibilities of generalizing the invention, that is, the scope of protection. It should be pointed out that in cases of mAbs, the complex structures of the corresponding genes, which lead to a vast number and variety of antibodies, generally mean it is impossible to isolate a single mAb a second time, so as to satisfy the capacity for repetition. Industrial application An invention must have a use in economic or industrial production. The term ``industrial' is used in the broad sense to cover both products and processes, including any economic activity that involves obtaining products in varied sectors besides industry per se, such as agriculture, fishing, Intellectual property 381 Table 15. In addition to the above three requirements, inventors must also clearly and completely describe the invention. The specification of a patent application must clearly and sufficiently describe the subject matter, so that it can be carried out by a skilled person in the subject. Some countries (such as Brazil and the United States) also require an indication, when applicable, of the best way of executing the invention, called the best mode of the invention. Europe does not have the best-mode requirement in the European Patent Convention, meaning the applicant is not obliged to deposit biological material merely with the intent of allowing reproduction of the invention. Rule 28(1) of that convention cannot be interpreted as obliging the deposit of biological material to facilitate reproducing the invention, as long as it can be reproduced from the description (even if this route is more laborious and lengthy than simply growing the deposited material). Such an interpretation would be to introduce the best-mode requirement into European legislation (T 223/92 and T 412/93). It should be pointed out, however, that in opting not to deposit the biological material, the applicant should be sure to provide complete information on the material. In other cases, 382 Animal Cell Technology however, the Tribunal has considered the description insufficient (T 815/ 90 and T 816/90). In the case of inventions involving new biological materials that cannot be described so as to permit repetition of the invention by a skilled person, it is necessary for the applicant to deposit this material with a depositary institution indicated in an international convention. The description shall clearly and sufficiently describe the subject matter, thus enabling it to be carried out by a person skilled in the art, and shall where appropriate indicate the best manner of execution. Article 10 of that law establishes what may not be considered an invention or utility model, and for this reason is expressly excluded from patent protection. It does grant use patents, that is, in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, for example, that contain the extract or active ingredient(s). However, this practice of granting patents for extracts and molecules taken from plants is common internationally. It should be stressed, then, that since patents in this area are being issued in other countries, such as the United States and various European countries, it is advisable to evaluate the territory suitable for seeking protection. According to the latter provision, all or part of living things are not patentable, except transgenic microorganisms that meet the three patentability requirements (novelty, inventive step, and industrial application) set forth in Article 8 of the law and that are not mere discoveries. Scientific advances have permitted the industrial employment of genetically modified microorganisms or cells, capable of producing proteins of interest in various areas, particularly human health. This technology permits reproducing proteins identical to their natural counterparts, as well as to elaborate others that are totally new by alterations resulting from the insertion of genes into these microorganisms or cells. These genetically modified molecules can be more effective than the natural ones for a predetermined function, for instance through greater biological activity, longer average lifetimes or fewer or less serious side effects.

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Dissociated cells generally change their shape allergy symptoms in august discount 10ml astelin free shipping, becoming rounded and losing their phenotypic polarity allergy head congestion cheap astelin 10ml otc, modifying protein distribution in cell membrane allergy symptoms 8 dpo order astelin 10 ml online. Certainly not all cells survive cell manipulation but those that survive should be able to correct any injuries and adapt to environmental changes allergy medicine going over the counter cheap astelin 10 ml without a prescription. Cells condition their environment through the release of substances into culture medium, such as growth factors, which promote cell adherence and proliferation. Some cell lines can adapt, proliferate, and differentiate faster if culture medium is previously conditioned by cells in active growth. Environmental conditioning can also be achieved by adding cells to medium already inoculated with a non-mitotic viable cell population, named feeder cells. These cells can be prepared from 3T3 fibroblastic cells exposed to gamma radiation or treated with mitomicin C (Rheinwald, 1989). After successive subcultures of a very heterogeneous primary culture, containing many cell types of the original tissue, a more homogeneous cell line with a higher growth rate may arise. A cell line can be serially propagated in culture, usually for only a limited number of cell divisions. Finite cell lines are generally diploid and maintain some degree of differentiation. Nevertheless, these cell lines die after a limited number of generations, the Hayflick limit, which is usually about 30­50 division cycles depending on the origin of the cells (Hayflick and Moorhead, 1961). The immortalization of a cell line can be accomplished as a spontaneous process, by an oncogene or virus or by chemical treatment. This can lead to a continuous cell line that can be propagated for an undetermined period. If such changes occur with an affect on cell cycle control, the cell line can be designated a transformed cell line. According to Freshney (2000), the main characteristics of transformed cell lines are: (i) altered cell morphology (smaller, less adherent, or more rounded cells, with a higher nucleus to cytoplasm ratio); (ii) higher growth rate (duplication times decrease from 36­48 hours to 12­36 hours); (iii) less dependency on blood serum or selected growth factors; (iv) increase in cloning efficiency; (v) increase in heteroploidy (chromosomal variation between cells) and in aneuploidy (divergence from the original diploid number); (vi) increase in tumorigenicity. The main advantage of transformed cells for cell culture is the almost unlimited cell supply. However, a disadvantage is that the cells generally maintain few characteristics of their original tissue. Culture medium changes should be performed even in cultures showing no cell proliferation, since cells can metabolize and deplete nutrients from the medium. Intervals between medium changes and subcultures may vary depending on the cell line, growth rate, and metabolism. An increase in cell density, pH decrease, nutrient depletion in the medium, or alteration in cell morphology indicate the need for culture medium replacement. These cells normally proliferate in monolayers and show contact inhibition, with the maximum cell yield generally limited by the available surface of the culture vessel. Blood cells (such as those derived from lymphomas) generally grow in suspension, while cells derived from solid tissues (such as kidney and liver) are adherent cells. Since adherent cells proliferate only after cell surface adhesion, an understanding of the steps of this process is very important. The first step consists of the adsorption of adhesion factors to the substratum, such as Table 2. Animal cells: basic concepts 21 vitronectin and/or fibronectin glycoproteins and often associated to Ca2ю ions. These factors can be derived from serum or can be produced by the cells themselves. The second step consists of contact of the cell with the surface, while in the third step, cells attach to the covered surface, producing multivalent heparin sulfate proteoglycans, which bind to cell membrane glycoproteins. As vertebrate cells have negative charges non-uniformly distributed over their external membrane surface, solid substrata with a hydrophilic surface are required, with an adequate distribution of the surface charge. For the subculture of adherent cells, removal of culture medium and the detachment of cells from the monolayer are necessary. This detachment is usually performed with trypsin, but other proteases, such as pronase, dispase, and collagenase, can be employed.

By being clever about mapping variables to interviewee-screening profiles allergy medicine combinations generic astelin 10 ml line, you can keep the number of interviews to a manageable number allergy forecast temple tx safe 10 ml astelin. Conducting ethnographic interviews After the persona hypothesis has been formulated and an interview plan has been derived from it allergy medicine kellymom astelin 10ml otc, you are ready to interview - assuming you get access to interviewees! While formulating the interview plan allergy forecast princeton nj purchase discount astelin line, designers should work closely with project stakeholders who have access to users. Stakeholder involvement is generally the best way to make interviews happen, especially for business and technical products. The difficulty with this approach is that it can sometimes be challenging to get interviewees who will permit you to interview them in their homes or places of work. As a last alternative for consumer products, designers can recruit friends and relatives. This makes it easier to observe the interviewees in a natural environment but also is quite limiting as far as diversity of demographic and behavioral variables are concerned. One hour per user interviewed is often sufficient, except in the case of highly complex domains such as medical, scientific, and financial services that may require more time to fully understand what the user is trying to accomplish. Be sure to budget travel time between interview sites, especially for consumer interviews in residential neighborhoods, or interviews that involve "shadowing" users as they interact with a (usually mobile) product while moving from place to place. Teams should try to limit interviews to six per day, so that there is adequate time for debriefing and strategizing between interviews, and so that the interviewers do not get fatigued. Phases of ethnographic interviews A complete set of ethnographic interviews for a project can be grouped into three distinct, chronological phases. The approach of the interviews in each successive phase is subtly different from the previous one, reflecting the growing knowledge of user behaviors that results from each additional interview. Focus tends to be broad at the start, aimed at gross structural and goal-oriented issues, and more narrow for interviews at the end of the cycle, zooming in on specific functions and taskoriented issues. Early interviews are exploratory in nature, and focused on gathering domain knowledge from the point of view of the user. Broad, open-ended questions are common, with a lesser degree of drill-down into details. Middle interviews are where designers begin to see patterns of use and ask open-ended and clarifying questions to help connect the dots. Questions in general are more focused on domain specifics, now that the designers have absorbed the basic rules, structures, and vocabularies of the domain. Later interviews confirm previously observed patterns, further clarifying user roles and behaviors and making fine adjustments to assumptions about task and information needs. Closed-ended questions are used in greater number, tying up loose ends in the data. After you have an idea who your actual interviewees will be, it can be useful to work with stakeholders to schedule individuals most appropriate for each phase in the interview cycle. For example, in a complex, technical domain it is often a good idea to perform early interviews with the more patient and articulate interview subjects. Chapter 4: Understanding Users: Qualitative Research 65 Basic methods the basic methods of ethnographic interviewing are simple, straightforward, and very low tech. Although the nuances of interviewing subjects takes some time to master, any practitioner should, if they follow the suggestions below, be rewarded with a wealth of useful qualitative data: Interview where the interaction happens Avoid a fixed set of questions Focus on goals first, tasks second Avoid making the user a designer Avoid discussions of technology Encourage storytelling Ask for a show and tell Avoid leading questions We describe each of these methods in more detail in the following sections. Interview where the interaction happens Following the first principle of contextual inquiry, it is of critical importance that subjects be interviewed in the places where they actually use the products. Not only does this give the interviewers the opportunity to witness the product being used, but it also gives the interview team access to the environment in which the interaction occurs. This can give tremendous insight into product constraints and user needs and goals. Observe the environment closely: It is likely to be crawling with clues about tasks the interviewee might not have mentioned. Notice, for example, the kind of information they need (papers on desks or adhesive notes on screen borders), inadequate systems (cheat sheets and user manuals), the frequency and priority of tasks (inbox and outbox); and the kind of workflows they follow (memos, charts, calendars).

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A particular emphasis will be placed on K-12 science allergy medicine grass pollen order astelin 10ml free shipping, technology new allergy treatment 2012 buy astelin us, engineering zyprexa allergy symptoms astelin 10 ml, and mathematics education allergy kittens symptoms order astelin with visa. Topics in research and development include fundamental biology for space and global applications, mechanistic research such as biomarkers and common signaling pathways, and breakthrough research such as synthetic biology projects. These efforts will be evidence-based, using a standards-to-deliverables process that results in solutions aimed at mitigating the highest priority human system risks. Where data/information require specific protection, the appropriate processes and tools will be identified to ensure secure information exchange and appropriate markings and release. Lessons learned in any one environment can be rapidly shared with members to enable more efficient development of research and technology proposals as well as effective mitigation applications for human health and performance risks. Members benefit by participating in the sharing of a diverse and integrated knowledge base, as well as developing collaborative projects that make maximum use of the resources of all participating members. Risks include physiologic effects from radiation, hypo-gravity, and planetary environments, as well as unique challenges in medical treatment, human factors, and behavioral health support. Products were delivered to support the preliminary design of the Constellation Program vehicles. These research results contributed to scientific knowledge and technology developments that address the human health and performance risks. John Charles, Johnson Space Center Charles Lloyd, Johnson Space Center the program is comprised of six major elements that are focused to accomplish specific goals for investigating and mitigating the highest risks to astronaut health and performance. Many of these changes occur in people subjected to bed rest with the head tilted downward at a 6-degree angle. These facilities provide bed rest and 6-degree headdown-tilt simulation along with a zero-gravity locomotion simulator, which is a treadmill used by a person lying down such as during bed rest. Develop capabilities, necessary countermeasures, and technologies in support of human space exploration, focusing on mitigating the highest risks to crew health and performance. Enable the definition and improvement of human space flight medical, environmental, and human factors standards. Develop technologies that serve to reduce medical and environmental risks, reduce human systems resource requirements (mass, volume, power, data, etc. Ensure maintenance of agency core competencies necessary to enable risk reduction in the following areas: space medicine; physiological and behavioral effects of long-duration space flight on the human body; space environmental effects, including radiation, on human health and performance; and space human factors. These relationships enhance the research capabilities of all partners and provide synergism of research efforts. Some of the workshops include: · International Space Life Sciences Working Group. Project activities and materials target educational communities, the general public, policymakers, and the media using formal and informal venues. Their primary grade programs include the 21st Century Explorer, Fit Explorer, and Sports and Exploration, while their secondary programs include Math and Science @ Work and Exploring Space through Math. To learn more about the Human Research Program Education and Outreach Project, please visit. Sognier, Universities Space Research Association John Dusl, Jacobs Technology Ivan Stangel, Biomat Sciences Currently, limited options exist for treating dental emergencies during space flight. The longer the mission duration, the greater the probability of spontaneous dental problems occurring. The pain and discomfort arising from lost fillings, broken or cracked teeth, and infections can affect mission success. The standard treatment for caries (tooth decay) requires the use of a local anesthetic, drilling to remove the decayed areas of a tooth, and tooth reconstruction. To address these issues and optimize crew health, innovative technology is under development to enable emergency caries treatment and tooth repair to be performed in flight by astronauts who are not experts in dentistry. The Biomedical Engineering Technology Development Team at Johnson Space Center previously developed a lightweight handheld microwave system consisting of a sharply focused antenna, signal source, and power amplifier for dental applications. Using unique test beds, the team demonstrated that microwave energy could effectively eradicate the caries-causing bacteria- Streptococcus mutans. To further advance this innovative technology for future human application, small-animal studies were performed.

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